ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is bound up with the environment. As a consequence of DNA damage induced by environmental carcinogens, a number of sophisticated sensing and transduction systems are initiated and the signal is conveyed simultaneously to multiple effectors. This process ultimately results in cancer. The protein kinase Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) that encoded by ATM gene is the master regulator of DNA damage response. In this consecutive reaction, the protein kinase ATM responds to the DNA damage by phosphorylating a variety of downstream substrates, which plays an important role in the inhibition of the development of breast cancer. After ATM gene mutate, DNA damaged could not be accurately repaired and finally accelerates breast cancer transformation and proliferation. With the further research of ATM gene structure, function and breast cancer susceptibility, the extensive attention is paid to the relationship between ATM gene and breast cancer susceptibility. We reviewed the research advances in breast cancer susceptibility in several aspects of ATM gene, including mutation, polymorphism and methylation.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins , Breast Neoplasms , Genetics , Metabolism , Cell Cycle Proteins , Genetics , DNA Damage , DNA Methylation , DNA-Binding Proteins , Genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genetics , Polymorphism, Genetic , Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases , Genetics , Tumor Suppressor Proteins , GeneticsABSTRACT
DNA-PKcs, the catalytic subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), plays an important role in the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair. To investigate the effects of DNA-PKcs down-regulation on cell growth and sensitization to low dose radiation (LDR), we transfected DNA-PKcs siRNA into human mammary epithelia cells MCF10F, then, detected the proliferation curve of the cells and the expression of protiens in DNA repair pathways. The results showed that DNA-PKcs gene silencing, induced by the transfection of DNA-PKcs siRNA could suppress significantly the cell proliferation and inhibit the expression of the DNA repair proteins, such as Ku80, ATM and P53 after 50 cGy 137Cs gamma-irradiation.The results suggested that DNA-PKcs gene silencing could increase the sensitivity of human breast epithelial cells to the LDR, which might be relative with the decrease of the proteins.
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast , Cell Biology , Cell Line , DNA Repair , Radiation Effects , DNA-Activated Protein Kinase , Genetics , Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation , Epithelial Cells , Metabolism , Radiation Effects , Gene Silencing , Nuclear Proteins , Genetics , RNA, Small Interfering , Genetics , TransfectionABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To find the patterns of the rDNA ITS sequence variation of Crocus sativus, Chrysanthemum chanetii, Nelumbo nucifera, Zea mays and Garthamus tinctorius and to establish the molecular biological method for the identification of C. sativus and the others.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>After the total DNA of Crocus sativus, C. vernus-w and C. vernus-p were extracted, the ITS sequence was amplified by PCR with universal primer of ITS and PCR product was sequenced after purification and cloning. The ITS sequences of Chrysanthemrnum chanetii, Nelumbo nucifera, Zea mays and Garthamus tinctorius were obtained from GenBank.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The complete ITS sequence of Crocus sativus, C. vernus-w and C. vernus-p, including ITSI rDNA, 5.8S rDNA, ITS2 rDNA were measured. The GenBank accession No. was DQ094185, DQ224363 and DQ224364 respectively. The similarity of ITS sequence between C. sativus and the two garden species of C. vernus was above 91%; the identity was 99.84% between C. vernus-w and C. vernus-p. The range of diversity between C. sativus and other herbs was above 46% based on ITS1 and above 41% based on ITS2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>C. sativus can be distinguished from misused substitutes by the ITS sequence. The ITS sequence is an available molecular marker for identification of the C. sativus.</p>
Subject(s)
Chrysanthemum , Genetics , Crocus , Genetics , DNA, Plant , Chemistry , Genetics , DNA, Ribosomal , Chemistry , Genetics , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer , Chemistry , Genetics , Genetic Variation , Molecular Sequence Data , Nelumbo , Genetics , Plants, Medicinal , Genetics , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Sequence Analysis, DNA , Zea mays , GeneticsABSTRACT
Professor Tian Wei-zhu, a national famous physician and an acupuncture specialist. He has consummate skill of acupuncture and profound theories, and clinically, he is good at application of eye acupuncture with rich experiences. The present paper introduces professor TIAN's clinical experiences including combination of both yin channels with yang channels, and combination of eye acupuncture with body acupuncture in treatment of stroke; standardized acupuncture manipulation, and emphasizing acupuncture effects; stressing treatment by stages and paying attention to acupuncture regulation at the spasm stage for treatment of hemiplegia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture Therapy , Methods , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Stroke , TherapeuticsABSTRACT
Professor Tian Wei-zhu, a national famous expert of acupuncture and moxibustion, has consummate skill, profound theory, and does not stick to routine method in diagnosis and treatment, with rich clinical experiences and comprehensive and profound medical theories, forming own academic characteristics. In the present paper, the experiences were expounded, summarized and systematized in detail from the 4 aspects: basic training of physicians before acupuncture, especially, training of needling manipulation and emphasizing the concept of treating spirit, paying attention to coordination of the physician and patients; main points of needle insertion of no-pain at manipulation; about arrival of qi, method of inducing propagation of needling sensation.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture , Acupuncture Therapy , China , Moxibustion , Needles , SensationABSTRACT
Eye acupuncture, a micro-needling therapy, has been widely applied in clinical treatment for over 30 years. Its theoretic system, especially, the eye acupuncture region-dividing point location program has been revised for 2 times, and the third program with reasonability of acupoint distribution, strictness of angle of acupoint region is easily accepted by clinical workers. In the paper, the theoretical basis of professor Peng Jingshan's inspection of the eye for recognition of diseases, diagnosis of diseases and eye acupuncture therapy were explained, and the information, development and change of the eye acupuncture region-dividing acupoint location program were analyzed and the history of development of eye acupuncture were introduced so as to direct clinical application of eye acupuncture.